How Does x motors Work?

SKYACTIV-X: a revolutionary new combustion engine

“We have pledged to build a future in which we can coexist with the bountiful, beautiful earth by applying a well-to-wheel philosophy to achieve substantive cuts to carbon dioxide emissions,” Masamichi Kogai, President & CEO, Mazda

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is not simply a case of switching cars to electric power – at least until the whole world runs on renewable energy. Mazda’s ‘well-to-wheel’ approach to reducing emissions considers fuel extraction, manufacturing and shipping as well as driving. One part of this bold plan is SKYACTIV-X. This revolutionary engine, a world first, employs a method of combustion – compression ignition – that the combined might of the motor industry has been trying to master for over two decades.

This technology considers real-world emissions over a car’s entire life cycle. Of course, Mazda plans to introduce electric vehicles to areas that have clean energy sources and will add hybrid and plug-in vehicles, but the internal combustion engine will continue to be the base power unit for 85 percent of all cars up until 2035. That’s why SKYACTIV-X is such an important breakthrough in Mazda’s goal to reduce ‘well-to-wheel’ carbon dioxide emissions to 50 percent of 2010 levels by 2030, and a staggering 90 percent reduction by 2050.

To explain how SKYACTIV-X works, we’ll first need to cover some engine basics. In a gasoline engine the fuel-air mixture is ignited by a spark from the spark plug. In a diesel engine, the fuel-air mix is compressed and ignites through pressure and heat alone. Diesel is more energy dense than gasoline, which also means more air and less fuel goes in, making for better fuel economy. And although diesel engines tend to release less carbon dioxide than gasoline engines, they traditionally emit higher levels of particulates that can cause pollution. Diesels, which are often turbocharged, have a reputation for having lots of torque even at low revs, while gasoline engines can rev higher and produce more horsepower at those high revs.

“MAZDA’S SKYACTIV-X EMPLOYS A METHOD OF COMBUSTION THAT THE MIGHT OF THE MOTOR INDUSTRY HAS BEEN TRYING TO MASTER FOR OVER TWO DECADES”

SKYACTIV-X offers the best of both diesel and gasoline engines with none of the disadvantages. It does this thanks to a new technology called Spark Controlled Compression Ignition (SPCCI). Running on regular gasoline, SPCCI works by compressing the fuel-air mix at a much higher compression ratio, with a very lean mix. The SKYACTIV-X engine uses a spark to ignite only a small, dense amount of the fuel-air mix in the cylinder. This raises the temperature and pressure so that the remaining fuel-air mix ignites under pressure (like a diesel), burning faster and more completely than in conventional engines.

The result? Ten to 30 percent more torque than the current SKYACTIV-G gasoline engine with better fuel efficiency than the current SKYACTIV-D, and a power increase of ten percent. This best-of-both-worlds achievement was made possible by Mazda’s relentless pursuit of perfection. Engineers analysed every detail from the piston shape to the swirl pattern of the fuel-air mix. As is the Mazda way, it’s those tiny details that make a huge difference.

WHAT IT MEANS IN THE REAL WORLD

Better performance

The two-litre SKYACTIV-X will produce more power, with up to 30 percent more torque than the current SKYACTIV-G 2.0. 

Real-world fuel economy

SKYACTIV-X improves fuel efficiency up to 20-30 percent over Mazda’s current gasoline engine. And, importantly, it has been designed for real-world efficiency, not simply to do well in a government test cycle.

Driving pleasure

Whether mated to a six-speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission, the SKYACTIV-X engine delivers an instant response when you put your foot down. It pulls like a turbodiesel, but revs like a normally aspirated gasoline engine.

The new normal

Unlike an EV or other alternative powered car, there’s no need to ‘relearn’ driving or suffer from range anxiety. SKYACTIV-X runs on regular gasoline and drives just like you’d expect your Mazda to drive.

Future proof

SKYACTIV-X has been designed to work alongside electrification. It can work as a standalone power unit or in hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles.

Engine configuration

An X engine is a piston engine with four banks of cylinders around a common crankshaft, such that the cylinders form an "X" shape when viewed front-on.

The advantage of an X engine is that it is shorter than a V engine of the same number of cylinders,[2] however the drawbacks are greater weight and complexity as compared to a radial engine. Therefore, the configuration has been rarely used.

Several of the X engine designs were based on combining two V engines.

Examples

[

edit

]

Four types of X engines are known to have reached production. In 1939–1942 Rolls-Royce Vulture, a 42 L (2,563 cu in) X-24 aircraft engine which was built using two Rolls-Royce Peregrine V12 engines.[3] The Rolls-Royce Vulture was briefly used in the Avro Manchester heavy bomber, before engine failures caused it to be replaced by the Avro Lancaster (powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 engine).

General Motors also produced X engines for US naval ships during the Second World War. The 16-184 engine was installed in several hundred "subchaser" boats from 1941 onwards, where they were typically used in pairs. It was considered a successful design and a few have survived to the present day. From 1944 the similar 16-338 engine was produced for submarines, where four were used in each of the first four members of the USN Tang class. These proved unreliable in service and were subsequently replaced by three Fairbanks-Morse engines in each boat.[4]

The other production X engine is the ChTZ Uraltrac 12N360 X-12 engine, first produced in 2015, and used in the Russian Armata tank platform.[5]

Several prototype 24-cylinder X engines for military aircraft were developed during World War II, including the Daimler-Benz DB 604, Rolls-Royce Exe and Isotta Fraschini Zeta R.C. 24/60, along with the 16-cylinder Napier Cub.[citation needed]

Other prototype X engines include a 1920s Ford X-8 automotive engine, which was investigated during the development process of the Ford Flathead V8 engine.[6][7] During the 1960s, Honda is said to have experimented with an X-32 engine configuration for their Formula One racing efforts, but abandoned the design as being too complex and unreliable.[citation needed] From 2006 to 2010, the Revetec X4v1 and Revetec x4v2 X-4 experimental petrol engines were developed by an engine research company,[8][9] followed in 2013 by the Revetec X4-D1 experimental petrol engine.[10]

See also

[

edit

]

References

[

edit

]